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The volcano is a 10-kilometre-wide (6 mi) ice-filled caldera that rises 1,000 to 1,200 metres (3,300 to 3,900 ft) above the surrounding terrain. Only the western and southern margins are well-defined. The highest point reaches 1,905 metres (6,250 ft) elevation. The edifice consists partly of volcanic rocks and partly of uplifted basement, and has an eroded appearance, with steep valleys cutting as much as 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) into the outer reaches of the volcano. The total volume of the volcano is about 147 cubic kilometres (35 cu mi), larger than other SVZ volcanoes, and it covers an area of about 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi). Cinder and spatter cones reach heights of 200 to 300 metres (660 to 980 ft) and are sources of lava flows outside of the caldera, especially in the Sorpresa Sur valley. There are two cones northeast of the caldera and one in the far southwest. The landscape of the Andes around Hudson is formed by numerous mountains (including the Cerros Hudson 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) south of the volcano) with deep, glacially carved valleys. Thick volcanic soils occur in the area.
The caldera is filled with about 2.5 cubic kilometres (0.6 cu mi) of 40-metre (130 ft) thick ice, forming an ice surface at about 1,505 to 1,520 metres (4,940 to 4,990 ft) elevation. Ice flows out of the northwestern margin of the caldera and forms the Ventisquero de los Huemules Glacier. The Huemules Glacier is the largest glacier of Hudson Volcano, being 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) long, and the headwater of the Huemules River. The glacier is covered by tephra and its surface is at too low an altitude for the tephra to be buried under snow; thus from the air the glacier looks like a lava flow. A small crater lake is at its beginning and occupies a crater of the 1991 eruption. Most of the ice in the caldera was destroyed by the 1971 eruption, but by 1979 it had built up again. During the 1991 eruption, cones surrounded by crevasses and small lakes formed in the ice. The recovery of the ice after the 1991 eruption was slower, and by 2002 Huemules was retreating. During eruptions, pyroclastic material and lava can melt the ice. Other glaciers emanating from the ice cap are the Desplayado, Bayo, Ibáñez, El Frio, Sorpresa Sur and Sorpresa Norte glaciers. They were up to 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long in 1974 but have retreated since then. Together with the Queulat Ice Cap, the Hudson glaciers make up a large part of the regional glacier inventory, and have left well-preserved moraines. The path of some of the glaciers may be influenced by local tectonic lineaments. Numerous rivers originate on Hudson; clockwise from north to south they include the Rio Desplayado to the north, the Rio Bayo to the east, the Rio Ibáñez, the Rio Sorpresa Sur, Rio Sorpresa Norte all to the southeast, and the Huemules River to the northwest. Volcanic activity might be responsible for fluctuations in the discharge of the Huemules River.