import os

def clamp(val, lower, upper):
    """ val if it's between lower and upper, else the closest of the two"""
    return max(min(val, upper), lower)


def concat(arr):
    """Takes a list of sequences, returns the concatenation of the sequences """
    if isinstance(arr[0], str):
        return "".join(arr)
    if isinstance(arr[0], bytes):
        return b"".join(arr)
    if isinstance(arr[0], list):
        l = []
        for s in arr:
            l += s
        return l
    if isinstance(arr[0], tuple):
        l = []
        for s in arr:
            l += s
        return tuple(l)
    else:
        raise ValueError("type {} can't be concatenated".format(type(arr[0])))


def writeFileSafe(filename, data, tempname=None):
    if tempname is None:
        tempname = filename + ".tempfile"
    with open(tempname, 'w') as f:
        f.write(data)
    os.rename(tempname, filename)


def readFile(filepath):
    with open(filepath, "r") as f:
        text = f.read()
    return text


def get(collection, i, default=None):
    """ Get an element in an indexed collection, or the default in case the index is out of bounds """
    if i < 0 or i >= len(collection):
        return default
    return collection[i]